Effects of spanking on children :: essays research papers

The utilization of beating is one of the most dubious child rearing practices and furthermore one of the most seasoned, traversing all through numerous ages. Punishing is a control strategy where a managing grown-up purposely exacts torment upon a kid in light of a child’s unsatisfactory conduct. Albeit punishing exists in almost every nation and family, its appearance is heterogeneous. Above all else the demonstration of controlling a punishing differs among families and societies. As Gershoff (2002) called attention to, a few guardians plan when a punishing would be the best order though a few guardians hit imprudently (Holden, 2002). Guardians additionally vary in their states of mind while conveying this questionable discipline, a few guardians are furious and others attempt to be adoring and reason with the kid. Another wellspring of variety is the way that beating is frequently combined with other child rearing practices, for example, reprimanding, shouting, or maybe see thing and consequently thinking. A third wellspring of variety concerns parental attributes. Sweetheart and Steinberg (1993) recognized the substance of parental acts and the style where it was managed (Holden, 2002). With this variety analysts can't conclusively separate the solitary impacts of hitting.      Holden (2002) assessed Gershoff’s (2002) meta-examinations of eighty-eight (88) considers and noticed that there were both positive and negative results related with the discipline of beating. As per Gershoff’s (2002) examination, the one positive result was prompt consistence by the youngster (Holden, 2002). This outcome was seen as predictable in five (5) examines. Prompt consistence was characterized as the youngster going along to the guardians order inside five (5) seconds. As a glaring difference, there were four (4) negative results. The examination demonstrated a negative impact on the nature of the parent youngster relationship, the child’s emotional well-being, the child’s impression of being a casualty of physical kid misuse, and furthermore affected hostility in adulthood (Holden, 2002).  â â â â Spanking should consistently be of sensible power, never leave wounds or checks, and just ever be on the rear end. Beating advocates contend that the bum are the most secure spot to manage whipping since it creates a sharp stinging torment however injury is improbable.

Starting From Scratch Or Buying An Existing Business

Beginning From Scratch Or Buying An Existing Business If you're going to have a business, you'll consider how to get it, by gazing another one or purchasing a current one. Anna Bryant purchased a current salon whenever she got the opportunity as opposed to beginning her own.The explanations behind that are on the grounds that she had no business experience or abilities yet she accepts that she have the capacities to run this salon, additionally she's a business visionary just because and this will spare her the hour of the expressing time frame in addition to the exertion of building the business name and make it remain in ground, it likewise have clients and taff and right now been running for a considerable length of time so she can begin making deals from the first day.Before purchasing the business there are a few stages to be taken, studies, plans and the sky is the limit from there, such as realizing the main proprietor chose to sell the business and if there are serious issues inside the business and making sense of how to understand them. Assessing the business is an unquestionable requirement too in light of the fact that she wouldn't have any desire to pay more for the business. She ought to find support and get some information about all the subtleties as she additionally need to sit designs about how she'll maintain the business and about the progressions should have been made and ake desires to be reached. Likewise assessing the dangers and perceive how to maintain a strategic distance from them.After finding the reasons and applying the necessary strides before purchasing, Anna Bryant is presently ready to settle on her choice. Fruitful Entrepreneur Effectiveness A Successful business visionary have exceptional attributes, enthusiasm, eagerness to face challenges, Positive demeanor, Confidence, regard, and trust are totally required in the business person character. Responsibility, driving aptitudes, group building and adaptability likewise makes a decent business visionary. information in business sectors and how to run organizations and ow to speak with others, every one of these attributes fabricate a Successful entrepreneur.Having no past experience as a business visionary doesn't imply that the business won't be effective. Anna's first business succeeded in light of the fact that she had a great deal of a fruitful business visionary qualities, the first was her adoration to the business and her enthusiasm about design. Fearlessness, Wisdom, and energy all were in her heart, and the longing to take the business to the following level all made her an incredible business person. Anna didn't have an encounter however she was resolved to pick up it by counseling and finding support from others. She sat objectives and put plans, she had a dream and this is one of the business visionary qualities. ne of the difficulties that face any business is money related administration, high costs, low deals and immaterial protlts, these issues and more which were confronting Anna's business can be fathomed by utilizing examination strategies and make the correct move dependent on the investigation procedure. Anna had the option to improve the business account by recruiting an expert group and utilizing their assistance, likewise by dealing with herself and picking up information about the business market and learning some advertising procedures,. By contemplating the organizations' hances, openings, qualities and shortcomings she had the option to oversee it Just right.After that she began to make changes in the business and make it progressively viable and alluring, by offering new administrations and new in vogue plans that are attractive which brought her new clients, Anna didn't hold up until she make the salon precisely as she needs, she gazed to work and make benefits immediately in addition to working in making the required enhancements, making the most of all the accessible chances of the current business m ade in simpler for her to deal with all the budgetary issues and this made her an extraordinary entrepreneur.My references Nitish. (2011). Fundamental Reasons to Buy an Existing Business. Accessible: http://got to 29th April 2013. From E-library Slavec, Alenka-Prodan, Igor. (2012). The impact of business visionary's attributes on little assembling firm obligation financing. East European Management Studies. 17 (2), 22-23-24. The Advantages Of Franchising Owning and running an establishment as opposed to beginning a business is an activity taken by a great deal of specialists, John is one of them.Franchising have points of interest which makes it a superior choice, with respect to John, an establishment have a ton advantages to offer like having huge realized brand to remain by you and bolster you for various perspectives like the item information, preparing improvement and deals. It was way simpler that gazing his own business. An establishment makes benefits rapidly, and it have a demonstrated business organization and it's upheld by the Franchisors. It have lower dangers and stresses and an assistance is accessible when required from the Franchisors who have ground-breaking motivation.From my perspective diversifying have five fundamental points of interest, Branding, it offers a key personality which sway available, large organizations burn through millions on their marking and ranchisee gets the benefit of that, and the Franchisors are generally notable for clients. Promoting, publicizing takes a great deal of the costs of doing business and a business can't make due without costly and successful publicizing. Name Recognition, which makes individuals ensure the nature of the items and a realized name gives them that.Reputation, which empower the Franchisee to appreciate defense against claims or mishaps or any issues with the representatives. Backing, maintaining a business needs preparing, and by have a Franchise you'll get all the train you need, they ne ed you to be successtul on the grounds that your prosperity is ll potential ways. A Successful Franchise Business their prosperity so they'll bolster you in Acquiring an establishment is a fruitful business to run, as it's cleared by the benefits of diversifying. t have the advantage of having an entrance to the franchiser set up framework which have been running for quite a while, franchisers invest a ton of energy to adjusting their framework to as well as can be expected be and hand it over to the franchisees, the framework incorporates data about the items or administrations and all the subtleties of the market techniques, in addition to they make research to decide the best ocation for the establishment and some of them additionally deal with the structure and the leasing matters which leave less concerns for the franchisees.Another thing is, franchisees are not the only one, the are bolstered by the franchisers who truly need them to progress, they train them to work the busin ess viably , this is a significant motivation behind why diversifying can be an effective business. In addition, franchisees' clients have a full familiarity with the business and its items so they can trust without attempting it, implies that devoted client exists with any effort.John made it in his business and he turned out to be extremely fruitful in light of the fact that he had the experience of running an establishment previously, he picked a decent organization with sound model to establishment and he began with full vitality and high certainty. He got various trainings in various pieces of the organization, and utilized what he have realized viably and maintained the business appropriately, he succeeded impeccably and got a standout amongst other too.Here are an examination which frees the accomplishment from diversifying: establishments achievement rate is 90% contrasting with just 15% of business gazing without any preparation, which means cap a franchisees will most like ly prevail as long as they adhere to the franchisors the directions and utilize the emotionally supportive network successfully. My references: Don Daszkowski. Higher Likelihood of Success with a Franchise Business . Accessible: http://establishments. about. com/od/buyingafranchise/an/establishment achievement. htm. Last got to first may 2013. From the E-library: Abell-Mark1. (2010). The diversifying advantage. Overseeing Intellectual Property. 9 (1-2), 16-17-18.GOING FOR A BUISNESS Starting a business is never simple whether it was a diversifying, enterprising enture or an autonomous private venture. In case I'm going to go into business I wouldn't go for diversifying, not on the grounds that it won't be effective or in light of the fact that it's hard, it's Just that I'd preferably to think of new thought and add something to the world rather that applying the possibility of another person, diversifying might be gainful and better alternative tor the individuals who are looking fo r tor money and high salaries yet I'm one ot the individuals who thinks increasingly about changing the world and putting my unique mark on it.Becoming a business person of a current business is a smart thought which will spare a great deal f getting ready time in the beginning time frame, still the current business may not have any significant bearing my own points of view which implies I'll need to do a ton of changes and this may cost me more that what I'll may pay on the off chance that I began it myself, That's the reason my best choice is to begin starting from the earliest stage. My new private venture is about handcrafted stuff exchange, not going to state it's developing quick however I follow the expression: prepare to stun the world and start small.My band is LA FEMME TOM and it's a one-individual business up until now, it's developing gradually yet it's giving me all I need right now, in addition to it's helping me to spread the familiarity with the mportance and the est imation of the high quality stuff which is one of the business points, it is tied in with selling my carefully assembled stuff, giving seminars on the best way to cause them and supporting the individuals who to have an ability in this field.I sell my stuff on the web and in certain spots, I don't have my own shop yet soon I'll do as it's planed for. The business approach is to develop and have numerous branches, it's in an advancement improvement and planning to have accomplices and recruit working hands to take the creation to the following level. Fundamentally the business exercises are about young ladies side interests to fell the lance time with helpful and advantageous things.

Greetings from MIT Labs!

Greetings from MIT Labs! Since last summer, we here at MIT [Admissions] Labs have been working on an extremely awesome and extremely top secret project: MIT: The Game is a revolutionary breakthrough in admissions technology. Designed and built by current MIT freshman Victor Hung 14, with music by admissions staff, it allows students to experience all the best parts of an MIT education (burritos, roller coasters, and such) from the comfort of their own homes. The game was conceived almost a year ago, when Admissions held a mini- GameJam during the 2010 IAP. We more or less locked a half-dozen current students in a room with a bunch of pizza and soda for 48 and let them come up with a bunch of ideas for levels and build very simple versions of them. Since last fall Victor Hung 14 has been collecting slivers of time that drop between the cracks in his schedule and has built out these concepts and ideas into a full Facebook game. With MIT: The Game, you will be able to participate in all the most important aspects of an MIT education, including: Building all the burritos you can eat at the campus taqueria Navigating the flood of fellow students down the Infinite Corridor Riding the East Campus Roller Coaster Finding your way through the labyrinthine tunnels Getting your (virtual) MIT diploma We began closed beta testing of the game to our Early Action admits last month. Nearly all of them survived! So now were ready to unleash the zombie virus release it to the world! To play the game, you may click here. A few pre-emptive FAQs: MTG isnt loading for me! It probably is. The flash file is packed with so much awesomeness that it weighs in at a solid ~7 megabytes. If youre not on MITs lightspeed internet connection, it may take a few moments, or minutes, to download for the first time. Its worth the wait though. We promise. MTG wants access to my profile information. Gadzooks! Are you collecting information from my Facebook machine? No! We have an office policy against Facebook/mySpace/Googlestalking prospective students and applicants. MTG only collects your Facebook ID number, which is a numeric string that allows us to keep track of your scores so that our leaderboard works. We are not collecting anything else. We will not use it for anything other than the leaderboard. A bug! I found a bug! Congratulations, e-entomologist! There may still be some lurking out there. Specifically, we have been receiving some reports that for some users, some of the time, the roller coaster duplicates. Why? It is a mystery. But refreshing the page seems to make it go away, and we are working on a fix.If you have another, different bug to report, or if you want to send us e-valentines and/or commendations of some kind, you may email admitfbookgame-dev [at] mit [dot] edu. I should also probably mention that weve launched a MITAdmissions Facebook Page today as well. Its essentially where I post admissions updates, important blog entries, and entertaining photos of dogs. Again, were not going to collect any information or anything through here but if you want to become a Fan of us, then youre more than welcome to do so! And enjoy the game!

Accounting Ratios And Conducting Business Profitability Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1824 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Accounting ratio are the ratios used to evaluate a quantitative analysis of information in a companys financial statement. Ratios being expressed and counted based on the accounting figures derived from financial statements of the company. Ratios are calculated to compare to previous years, others companies, the industry, or even the economy to judge the performance of the company from current years number. Accounting ratios helps to conduct the profitability of the business which helps the management understand about the earning capacity of the business concern. It also shows the relationship between the liabilities and assets ensure the solvency of the company can be measured. Otherwise, accounting ratios is quite helpful in analysis of financial statement and also in comparative analysis of the performance. Ratios analysis will lets the outsider know about the profitability of the company and encourage them to pay for interest and dividend etc. Companies wil l easy to improve their weak point with the helps when compare to others companies. Accounting ration will also helps to work out the operating become more efficiency when all turnover are worked out to evaluate the performance of the business. Ratio analysis is helpful to work out short term financial position and also in the forecasting purpose. 1.1 Five different aspect of business measured by accounting ratio Accounting ratios have a various type for the business measured, there are counted and grouped into five different aspect to extrapolate the business performance. The five types of accounting ratio are: Profitability of company Liquidity of company Asset management of company Debts management and capital gearing of company Market value of investment to ordinary shareholders/ common stockholders 1.1.1 Profitability of company Profitability ratios are used to estimate a business ability and value to arise earning as compared to expenses over a speci fied time period. From the indicative of ratio between a competitor ratio and previous period ratio will know about the company does well or not. Profitability of company is measured by: Gross profit markup (%) = Gross profit x 100 Cost of goods sold Where Cost of goods sold = Opening stock + Purchase Closing stock Gross profit margin (%) = Gross profit x 100 Net sales value Where Net sales = Sales Return inwards Operating profit margin (%) = Operating profit before interest and taxation x 100 Net sales value Profit margin on sales (%) = Net income available to common stockholder x 100 Net sales value = Profit after interest, tax, preference dividend and minority interest x 100 Net sales value Basic earning power (BEP) = Operating profit before interest and taxation x 100 Total assets Where Total assets = Fixed assets + Current assets Return on total assets (ROA) = Net income available to common stockholder x 100 Total assets = Profit after interest, tax, preference dividend and minority interest x 100 Total assets Return on common equity = Net income available to common stockholders x 100 Common equity = Profit after interest, tax, preference dividend and minority interest x 100 (Ordinary share capital + Reserve) OR (Total assets Total liabilities) 1.1.2 Liquidity of company Liquidity ratios express the ability of a company to meet its short term financial obligation. This is also the result of dividing the total cash by short term borrowing. Liquidity of company is measured by: Current ratio / Working capital ratio = Current assets . Current Liabilities Liquid ratio / quick ratio / acid-test ratio = Liquid assets . Current liabilities 1.1.3 Asset management of company Asset management of company can also called as an efficiency ratios. It is measure the quality of business receivables and how efficiently it uses and controls its assets, how effectively the firm is paying supplier, and whether the business is overtrading or under trading on its equity. Assets management of company is measured by: Inventory turnover or Stock turnover: Inventory turnover = Cost of sales OR Average stock value Stock turnover = Cost of sales . Closing stock value Average stock value = (Opening stock value + Closing stock value) / 2 Fixed assets turnover = Net sales . Fixed assets net book value Where Net sales = Sales Return inwards Total assets turnover = Net assets where Net sales = Sales Return inward and Total assets Total assets = Fixed assets + Current assets Debtor ratio = Debtor . Credit sales Debtor payment period = Debtor ratio x 365 days / 52 weeks / 12 months (In days / weeks / months) = Debtor x 365 days / 52 weeks / 12 months Credit sales Days sales outstanding (DSO) = Debtor x 365 days OR Credit sales = Debtor . (Annual credit sales / 365 days) 1.1.4 Debts management and capital geari ng of company Debts management and capital gearing of company is measure about the total debt to its total assets of a companys. It is also a estimate of how risky the company will be for a bank to extend a loan to company, with a higher ratio meant great risk. Debts management and capital gearing of company is measured by: Debts ratio / Total debts to total assets ratio = Total debts . Total assets Capital gearing ratio = Prior charge debts capital Total capital = Preference share capital + Debentures + Loan stock + Loan . (Ordinary share capital + Preference share capital + Reserves + Long term liabilities) OR (Fixed assets + Current assets Current liabilities) Debts equity ratio = Total debts = Long term liabilities + Current liabilities Common equity Ordinary share capital + Reserve Times interest earned / Interest cover = Profit before interest and before taxation Interest charge Creditor ratio = Creditor . Credit purchase Creditor payment period = Creditor ratio x 365 days / 52 weeks / 12 months (In days / weeks / months) = Creditor x 365 days / 52 weeks / 12months Credit purchase 1.1.5 Market value of investment to ordinary shareholders / common stockholder Market value of investment to ordinary shareholder is related an observable market value, the price stock, to book values obtained from the firms financial statements. This aspect is measured by: Earnings per share = Net income available to common stockholders Number of ordinary shares in issue = Profit after interest, taxation, preference dividend and minority interest Number of ordinary shares in issue Price / Earnings ratio (P/E ratio) = Market price per ordinary share Earnings per share Dividend cover = Earnings per share OR Net ordinary dividend per share = Profit after interest, taxation, preference dividend and minority interest Net ordinary dividend Earnings yield = Gross earnings per share x 100 Mar ket price per ordinary share = [100 / (100 Income tax basic rate)] x Earning per share x 100 Market price per ordinary share Dividend yield = Gross ordinary dividend per share x 100 Market price per ordinary share = [100/ (100 Income tax basic rate)] x Net ordinary dividend per share x 100 Market price per ordinary share Price / cash flow ratio = Market price per ordinary share . Net cash inflow per ordinary share = Market price per ordinary share . (Net income + Depreciation) / Ordinary shares in issue Market price / book value ratio = Market price per ordinary share . Net book value per ordinary share = Market price per ordinary share . (Common equity / Ordinary shares in issue) 1.2 Accounting ratios comparison for business performance measurement Although ratio analysis is very important tool to judge the companys performance, comparison problem might happen in the accounting ratio for business performance measurement. 1.2.1 In ter-temporal comparison between two periods The problems of comparison affect inter-temporal are: Effects of price changes make comparisons difficult unless adjustments are made. Influences of changes in technology on the price of assets, the probably return and the future markets. Impacts of a changing environment on the results reflected in the accounting information. Potential effects of changes in accounting policies on the results. Problems associated with establishing a normal base year to compare other years. 1.2.2 Inter-firms comparison between two companies The problems of comparison affect inter-firms are: The selection of industry specifications and the effectiveness of specifications based on the averages. The two different firms are having two different financial and business risk profiles and the influence on analysis. Of course, the two different firms are using two different accounting policies. The size of businesss impacts and it s comparators on risk, structure and returns. Impacts of different environments on reported results. 1.3 Companies selected for business performance measurement IJM Corporate Berhad and WCT Berhad aare choosing for the business performance measurement. IJM Corporate Berhad IJM is one of Malaysias leading construction groups and is listen in the main board of Bursa Malaysia. Its business activities encompass construction, property development, manufacturing and quarrying, infrastructure concessions and plantations. IJM was born in 1983 with an overarching purpose of competing more effectively against bigger foreign rivals. The company rapidly established itself as a progressively built on its competitive prowess, financial capacity and repute to strengthen its footing as a serious local contractor. IJM turned public in 1986. An application made for its shares to be listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) was subsequently obtained in September 1986. WCT Berh ad Established on 14 January 1981 as WCT Earthworks Building Contractors Sdn Bhd, the Company became a public company on 1 April 1994. WCT made its debut on the Malaysia Stock Exchange on 16 February 1995. Over years, they have expending their product and services to include project management, construction design, values engineering and asset management in: F1   international racing circuit High-rise and special purpose building; International airport; Hydroelectric dam; Iconic infrastructure; Township planning development; Racecourse;  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€š Commercial property development management; Expressway Highway; and BOT Toll Concessions. 1.4 Financial statement analysis Based on below are the accounting ration between two companies, which is IJM Corporate Berhad and WCT Berhad. 1.5 Accounting ratio between IJM Corporate Berhad and WCT Berhad 1.5.1 Profitability Profitability between IJM Corporation B erhad and WCT Berhad are showing that higher gross profit mark up, return on total assets and return on common equity for WCT Berhad and IJM Corporate Berhad is getting the high ratio of gross profit margin, operating profit margin on sales, profit margin on sales compare to WCT Berhad. 1.5.2 Liquidity In the liquidity ratio, WCT Berhad is getting higher in current ratio, but lower in acid-test ratio compared to IJM Corporate Berhad. 1.5.3 Assets management and debts management In assets management, WCT Berhad is getting higher ratio in inventory turnover, total assets turnover, day sales outstanding and also time interest earned, but there are lower in debtor ratio and debts equity ratio compared to IJM Corporate Berhad. 1.5.4 Market value of investment to stockholders WCT Berhad is getting higher ratio of earning per share and earning yield but lower price earnings ratio compared to IJM Corporation Berhad. 1.6 Conclusion In the conclusion, I feel that accou nting ratio is important to an company to calculate about their company profit value. In between of IJM Corporate Berhad and WCT Berhad, I had do the accounting ratio for both of the companies, it is successful to estimate about their ability. IJM Corporate Berhad and WCT Berhad are also ability in estimate a business value to arise earning as compared to expenses over a specified time period. In others hand, I felt that WCT company is much more ability of a company to meet its short term financial obligation because it have a higher ration compare to IJM Corporate Berhad Obviously in the accounting calculation, WCT Berhad is much more efficiency to control assets and also effective of the firm is paying supplier, but IJM Corporate is having a great risk compared to WCT Berhad. At last, calculation shown the WCT Berhad have a good market value , the price stock, and to book values obtained from firms financial statement. Don’t waste time! 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Business-Ship to Ship Book Review - 4348 Words

It s Your Ship: Management Techniques from the Best Damn Ship in the Navy Capt. D. Michael Abrashoff Warner Books, 2002 Author s Page Captain D. Michael Abrashoff is a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, MD, and was a military assistant to the former secretary of defense, Dr. William J. Perry. He served as Commander of 310 men and women aboard the USS Benfold in the Pacific Fleet. Abrashoff left the Navy in 2001 and became the founder and CEO of Grassroots Leadership, Inc., in Boston. www.grassrootsleadership.com Other Books Get Your Ship Together, 2005 Ship Happens, Coming 2006 It s Your Ship Table of Contents Introduction 1 Ch.1 Take Command 11 Ch.2 Lead by Example 32 Ch.3 Listen†¦show more content†¦Take Command This chapter follows his first observations as Commander and the immediate actions he sought to implement. He notes that the crew seemed relieved by the departing Commander and realized that he must come up with a new leadership model to reach his crew. As he noted in the introduction that high percentage of turnover among crew bothered him and he notes some trends in society that contribute to this problem. The long economic boom had made most people unafraid of losing their jobs, or finding new ones. Thus he believed it manager s challenge to retain them by motivating them to work with passion, energy, and enthusiasm. (p.12) By reading over the exit surveys he assumed as many that low pay was a main reason for people leaving, but was shocked when it was in fact 5th. The top four are strikingly similar to the slide we studied in class on What Associates Want from Their Job in wanting appreciation, ability to make impact, n ot being listened to, and more responsibility. This helped him understand his crew better and try to see the ship through the eyes of the crew. (p.13) He encouraged his crew to challenge the way in which they carried out their jobs by asking, Is there a better way to do what you do? If so, then he wanted them to take the responsibility one their own to implement the change, unless it involved major implications. Abrashoff continues to give examples of instances where lowShow MoreRelatedLeadership Analysis Paper By Richard Miller1284 Words   |  6 Pagescommander of USS Benfold, which is a ship that is completely armed with every cutting-edge system available, but unfortunately, the ship was like a business that has all the latest technology but it lacked in productivity and teamwork. Knowing that that the responsibility for improving performance rested with him as the new USS Benfold’s Captain, Abrashoff realized that he had to improve his own leadership skills before he could improve the crew aboard the ship. Within months, Abrashoff created aRead MoreA New, Improved Way to Package Goods for Transport with Liner Shipping804 Words   |  4 Pagesmeans. Their growth influenced the efficiency of the whole supply chain. 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Guests have access to Outdoor swimming pool and spa. †¢ Facilities: †¢ Conference rooms: This facility is for business people when they come for any deal or business purpose they all can sit in one place a lot of people can sit at a time. †¢ Business phone service: Covered the cost of the call control to provide a discounted rate off small and medium business and giveRead MoreSomalia: A Country in Need Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pagespiracy, governmental problems, and widespread health issues. For years, the pirates of Somalia have been the predator of the seas, hijacking ships and making millions of money every year. Piracy has become a major threat to both the Somalis and international ships that pass through the area. Armed, Somali pirates easily took over the crews and control of huge ships, holding them hostages until they received the money they demanded. A crew from Germany reported â€Å"[they were] under fire from pirates armedRead MoreFactors For Considering Air Freight Vs. Ocean Freight Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pages ARTICLE REVIEW By : Martha Yuhla SHEY SOURCE http://www.universalcargo.com/ : 4 FACTORS FOR CONSIDERING AIR FREIGHT VS. OCEAN FREIGHT. By Raymond Rau : Posted August 16, 2011 In Air Freight, International Shipping, ocean freight, shipping. http://www.universalcargo.com/4-factors-for-considering-air-freight-vs-ocean-freight/ INTRODUCTION This is a review of an article on ‘4 FACTORS FOR CONSIDERING AIR FREIGHT VS. OCEAN FREIGHT’. In the first place a summary of the article will be given, thenRead MoreBiography of Daniel Defoe1105 Words   |  4 Pages Daniel Defoe, though faced with many struggles as a writer, changed normal English literary styles of writing. Defoe wrote a novel, Robinson Crusoe and was the father of the English novel. 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The Emancipation of Women in Russia Free Essays

string(42) " movement that attained its peak in 1917\." Women emancipation in Russia has for a long time been an issue of concern, raising more questions than answers. Women have been looked down upon for longer and deprived of the various opportunities available such as employment and education. This has denied the women opportunities to participate in building the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Emancipation of Women in Russia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Efforts to curb this has resulted into various significant changes, with additional revolutionary movements being established to convict and contest for the rights of women. However, the various anti-feminine in Russian for instance Kollontai has become forth to actively reject the way of perceiving women in the state. This study, therefore, inspect the subject of revolutionary ways for women in Russia and critically evaluate their efforts as well as the achievements certifying that women are more valued, respected and are granted equal chances and privileges as per the International Human Rights Commission rulings. The women question has raised eyebrows of many. Unfortunately, the Russian Marxist has remained unwilling in resolving the issue. Kollontai chiefly believed that women could only achieve their liberation through socialism. She became a member of the Russian revolution party in 1898 and played a vital role in struggling for women emancipation. The revolutionary era is believed to have initiated in 1905, officially known as Bolshevik revolution. Concerns of women status in the country started gaining some sense of perception. Certainly, it is regrettable that in Russia, women have been greatly undermined. Indeed, this has led to calls for more revolutionary movements in the state such Bolshevism and emergence of feminine activists such as Alexander Kollontai, to fight for reforms and bring revolutions on the woman question in Russia. Background of the Study The question for women in the Russian State has raised many concerns for individuals and sensitive state organs. Majority of the Tsari, Russian population living in the rural areas before the 1917 revolution were peasants. Among them, women were treated as property for men. The women were regarded as nothing other than slaves for men according to the Tsari law. It was lawful for men to beat their wives more often. Due to high illiteracy rate of the Russian women, their oppression increased especially in the backward countryside of the state where cultural traditions were very strong. A more recent report reveals that only 13.1% of Russian women were literate by 1897. Few job opportunities were available for women, with extremely harsh working conditions. Moreover, girls were also not exempted. They suffered from early school drop-out at an average age of 12. They were then expected to help in home chores duty and work in the factories for long hours at miserable wages. This study largely dwells on the question of women oppression in Russia. Majorly, the study lays much focus on the revolutions that aimed at bringing the women oppressions to an end. Notably, Women have always demanded change on the manner in which they are being treated. Among their plea is opportunities, education and to be perceived as an asset rather than just as a mere tool for men but for the whole nation. Women should be empowered and granted healthy conditions to participate in building the Russian economy as well. The Significance of the Study The study aims at exploring the Russian women revolutions in a wider perspective. This study is significant in a number of ways. First, it aims at pursuing ways in which the revolution movements emerged revolutionary to the Russian Women. Secondly, it explores the ruthless manner in which women were being treated in Russia. With a closer reference to the Bolshevik revolution which explores the women question, this study further reveals the various women rebellions that spurned their oppression in the state. Russia was one of the leading states in mistreating women and girls by denying them job and education opportunities. This move attracted the attention of many sensitive organs in the world in an unpleasant manner, thus resulted into calls for necessary revolutions. Moreover, this study is relevant and examines how women struggled for their liberation. They demanded their freedom from oppression in workstations. Indeed, the revolutions based on women question changed the way in which women were being perceived in the society and today, they are highly valued, respected and are entitled with equal economic rights and opportunities just as men. Russian Revolutions for Women The Russian Women Revolution, begun on an International women’s Day of February 23, 1917, with an unclear understanding by the working class women of how to go about it. Women were perceived as the most traditional layer of the working class before the revolution. They were directly responsible for the family care and were therefore barred from participating in strikes. Their living conditions became intolerable, with no bread, hiking inflation rates with majority getting involved in violent with their husbands publicly. The situation worsened and women workers from the textile industries resolved to take an action. Even though the revolutionary movement was a reality, it was evident that more preparations including sourcing for soldiers needed to be done. According to the Utopian socialist, women emancipation was believed to be the best measure of the moral level of the Russian culture. The Bolshevik movement, one of the leading revolution by Alexandria Kollontai played a vital revolutionary role in women socialism’s movement and fought persistently for the socialist progress. Women have undergone serious oppressions that even risked their lives especially for the few working class who demanded their economic freedom. Kollontai is regarded as significant figure in fighting for the revolutionary movement for women despite being opposed by the socialist’s Democratic Party. Her revolutionary attempts at first faced serious hitches as the police launched a manhunt for her following her allegations on the women question. She later flew into exile in 1906-1908 following the increased tension and fear of the police wrath. Bolshevik revolution was the first revolutionary movement that attained its peak in 1917. You read "The Emancipation of Women in Russia" in category "Papers" Kollontai officially joined the Bolshevik revolution in 1915 and was then elected a member of the Sixth Party Congress where she established the women’s bureau. The major role of women’s bureau was to mobilize the groups of women workers, bourgeois and the peasants so as to bring them under one-party umbrella. Special women newspaper was then published in Petersburg to spread widely the propaganda among the women workers. Alongside Alexandria, Lenin and Krupskaya also played a significant revolutionary role for the women in question. Lenin through the party organization mobilized the social parties and mass of women workers resulting to join the First Party Congress which was then held in 1898 with women workers emancipation as the subject. Krupskaya joined the Brushnyev group where she met his spouse Lenin and together took part in the union struggle regarding the women question. In 1898, Krupskaya officially joined the Social Democratic Party movement and emerged as the leading female Bolshevik. Notably, the following years after 1903 congress were characterized by massive strikes that ended into 1905 Revolution. Women workers fully participated in the strikes and began forming the worker’s councils in Russian soviets. The first Soviet Union movement was set up as a series of local strikes in the city which resulted to the election of 151 delegates to represent the factory striking workers with more women as opposed to men. The number of women representatives was a remarkable achievement and the elected women were termed as revolutionary women in Russia. The 1905 revolution ended in a defeat tracked by a counter-revolution forcing the Bolsheviks back to the underground works. Although it was problematic to organize women following their defeat, the Bolshevik was believed to be excellent at organizing women for the revolutionary struggle. However, no women were allowed to attend the fifth social democratic party congress held in 1912. Women got into the Russia capital streets and organized mass rallies and strikes on The International Working Women’s day in 1917 appealing for support from the male workers. They held massive demonstrations demanding for their daily bread, lower prices, free from harassments from their employees and equal economic freedom. This strike lasted for five days with uncontrollable demonstrations and strikes that increased tension and fear in the Russian city, thus attracting the attention of many. They later overthrew the Tsar, clinched power and became forefront with anger and frustrations of several years of struggle for their liberation. The February Revolution The February revolution women workers movement was set in motion by the working class women that condemned the ever-worsening economic situations. Demands for bread, children starvation, long working hours and ending the war stirred up mass protests and demonstrations which increased tension and fear on their leaders. More than 197,000 angry men and women joined the street protests and seized the police guns without any counter-attacks from the soldiers. The working class formed a council of workers and Soviet unions as their organs of power. The Bolsheviks failed to cooperate with the Provisional government and instead urged for â€Å"All Power† soviets which were believed to be the only way to fulfill the demands of peace, bread, land and economic freedom. The women workers significantly participated in the strikes and demonstrations. Moreover, they also organized an armed defense of the revolutionary works. They vividly took an integral part in revolutionary events, both locally and nationally by organizing talks in public meetings, circulation of posters encouraging women to remain in solidarity for the war, transporting weapons and ammunition as well as caring for the wounded during the combat. The situation dramatically changed the condition for women in the countryside. The February Revolutionary Movement springs to the rural areas insight the peasants too. In May 1917, Kollontai and other Bolsheviks revived a revolutionary newspaper, including a training school for working-lass women, the art of public speaking aiming at equipping them with skills of inspiring and educating other women when they get back to work. By September 1917, all Russian political strips could feel the taste of the revolution practically. Peasants continued apprising their volts as most soldiers join the Bolshevik movement to form the Red Army. The October revolution ended with a Women’s Congress led by Bolshevik leaders Kollontai, Konkordia Samoilova and Klavdia Nikolaevna. During the Congress discussion, women were encouraged to reassess their personal interests and actively demand their rights to paid maternity leaves and child care, education, minimal working hours and better working conditions. Kollontai presented the women demands to Bolshevik leaders who transformed most proposals into the law. Most women were granted political leadership and formed the Soviet Union that shunned down all the women emancipation, a major question on women. Most revolutionary women turned to their normal lives having successfully fought for their victory. Women education attained greater heights of up to the university level. Other benefits include provisions of maternity leaves and benefits, access to more employment opportunities and proper child care services. In the late 1930s, the end result became impressing and women who fought for the revolutions exemplary enjoyed the benefits of their struggle. The Soviet equality policy demanded public jobs for the people. Women who initially worked in their local gardens and as home and family caretakers joined the working class women. However, the implementation of Lien’s New Economic Policy (NEP) restored the country’s crumbling post-civil war economy. The implementation of the new easy divorce laws imposed more burden on women as men could take the advantage of the law to recklessly dump their wives and children. This further worsened the situations in the marriage hence increased domestic violence. To conclude, the Russian revolution for women took series of dimensions and an extra-long journey to be achieved. Women emancipation raised a lot of question in the Russian state since the working class women were seriously underrated and exploited. Women struggled for their liberation by forming and participating in women group movements to demand their rights and condemning their oppression. Kollontai, Lien, and Krupskaya among other Bolshevik leaders fought tirelessly for revolutions by forming revolutionary movements groups and mobilizing the women to join and participate. Among their demand were the equal economic rights, increase in their wages, better working conditions and equal job opportunities as well as maternity leaves alongside other benefits. The Bolsheviks tremendously fought for their desired victory from 1905 up to the late 1936s. The Russian revolution terminated the suffering endured by women. After the revolutions, women started to enjoy their economic freedom at the work place, equal job opportunities, and increased wages as well as improved working conditions. They were also granted with high education opportunities to access the needed education which they demanded for. The living conditions of the working class women were also improved as a result of the women revolutions. How to cite The Emancipation of Women in Russia, Papers

McCarthyism and the Red Scare free essay sample

During this time period many people were extremely afraid of communism, so the ideals of McCarthy rose up. McCarty was named after Joseph McCarthy, who Was the Senator Of Wisconsin at the time. Joseph McCarthy actions, as well as The House Un-American Activities Committee, and Congress were not justified. It was breaking peoples Constitutional rights, ruining many peoples lives and careers, and because they interrogated hundreds and thousands of people who didnt even believe that communism should exist in our country.One of the main reasons to prove that the actions during the Red Scare werent justified was because it broke people constitutional rights. During a speech Senator Margaret Smith of Maine said this inspiring quote, The right o criticize; The right to hold unpopular beliefs; The right to protest; the right of independent thought. Now, to some this might just look like a list of rights an American has. We will write a custom essay sample on McCarthyism and the Red Scare or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But to many, this is an inspiring quote of the things great about America and the things that McCarthy, Congress, and the HIJACK attacked.This shows that McCarthy broke many of the rights that they as Americans had and deserved to keep. Another important reason why the actions of McCarthy werent justified was that they ruined many peoples lives and careers. One group collected and published the names of people in the world of the arts and entertainment thought to be UN-American in their politics (Picture seen in back). The most famous victims were able to successfully fight off such attacks, but Red Channels, radio stations, werent destroyed for many years.Red Channels reported on possible Communists and they faked information in order to keep their stations alive. These Channels ruined and/or harmed many peoples careers. The last major reason why all this was not justified is because they interrogated hundreds and thousands of innocent people who din t even believe that communism should exist in our country. Refusal to cooperate with the HIJACK could ruin careers. If a witness refused to testify about past political associations, relying on the First Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, the witness would be cited for contempt of Congress. The government would then prosecute the witness for criminal contempt of Congress. Some people were convicted and sent to federal prison for several years. Mysticism was not justified because it broke many constitutional rights, ruined peoples careers, and led to a state of panic throughout America. So next time your in a situation where you dont know what to do or what to say. Think about how it will affect others, not just yourself.

Importance of Adopting Children

It is paramount for The Government and societal fabric should ensure than any existing regulation on children considers the best interest of children. In most instances the process is too complex and unfriendly to the user.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Adopting Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Government and adoption societies should put in place measures to ensure that the adoption process is accessible and that the society is educated on the importance of adopting children thereby giving equal chances to the less fortunate people (Children and Youth Services Review 781-803.) Attention Getter Adoption can be successful if we take time to understand the process and respect children’s needs Credibility Statement It is a highly noble idea for people who are better placed to help the needy and deserving children get quality education and healthcare for they will shape future generati ons. Topic Justification All children need to grow up in a loving and caring environment. They need to be nurtured and cared for in their young age. In addition, children need to be allowed to play and interact freely with their peers in a loving and caring home environment. This can only happen when there is a caring and loving family. Most children in foster care lack the real feeling and sense of belonging to a family. In order for them to experience this loving atmosphere, it is important for families to go out of their ways and adopt children. Children’s needs are usually influenced by family structure. Before adopting a child, a family should first endeavour to understand the needs of the child in question. Some of these needs include among others the educational needs of the child and the sources of income. This will also help them understand the needs p the child to be adapted and figure out how they can satisfy those needs so that the child has access to quality life (Geidner para. 5 )Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Statement of the problem In most relationships and families where a child has been adopted, there exists a certain feeling of insecurity between a child and the parents. They both face fears of being abandoned at some point and this make the child to develop feelings of indifference. In addition, the child is normally left wondering if this kind of love has any permanence. At times, parents may loathe certain behaviors manifested by an adopted child and even attempt to compare their behavior with that of their other children if they have any, or the kind of behavior they would have expected their own children to exhibit. This puts the adopted child under a lot of pressure because he/she has to style up and try to achieve the kind of behavior that the adopted parents have in mind. Extent and Seriousness of the Problem A poor par ent to child relationship especially in an unnatural relationship can affect the development and performance of a child. Faced with the need to fulfill one’s obligations by both the parents and the children, unique interracial problems arise making the child to comply with whatever rules he is told to follow so that he retains his position in the society and is also guarded against eternities. In cases where a child is involved in anti social behaviour, parents tend to develop a behaviour manual to guard the child and address feelings of their insecurity. In instances where the child does not easily take up the behavioral guidelines set, anxiety sets in and the child may develop a need to search for his/her natural parents leaving the foster parents with fear of abandonment (Wingert 1) Audience Involvement At this point the presence of an audience becomes very important. The audience could be in smaller groups to discuss the success and failure factors on adoption and report back to the whole team. The audience should discuss some of the barriers to an effective adoption process. The audience needs to discuss what differentiates parents then finalize the process with those that discontinue it when using child welfare systems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Adopting Children specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Could Training and study be a contributing factor to this scenario? The audience should also discuss the uptake of adoption among various categories of people ranging from male or female singles, married couples, the unmarried couples, the opposite sex couples, as well as same sex couples. Some of the questions that the audience needs to ponder on could be, is it important for race and level of education to influence adoption decisions? The audience should also try and brainstorm on why they prefer adopting male or female children of a certain age with various disab ilities but not HIV/ AIDS. Evaluation of Proposed Alternative Solution Support from friends and families is very important when making decisions before and after adopting children Statement of my solution Research shows that positive support from friends and relatives contributes to chances of adoption. Explanation of Solution Close family members help in the psychological and educational development of the adapted children. They also influence financial decisions that directly affect the child like health insurance, social security benefits and medical covers. Effectiveness of the solution If the family supports an individual’s decision to adopt they will see to it that the child is taken for counseling sessions, child therapy and trainings in child support groups (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 3). This helps them gain new knowledge and information on how to address some issues that affect their children and share experiences. Refutation Although laws prohibit the advertisement of a child for adoption, I object to this practice because there are many able people in the society who are willing to take care of vulnerable children but are hindered by the long and complicated adoption process. Advertisements should be encouraged as long as they are done through approved adoption societies (Adoption Promotion Act of 2003 145)Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Positive Visualization Many children with varying backgrounds and characteristics are available for adoption and advertising through these agencies would help identify potential parents who can take care of them whether international or local. Through advertising agencies one can determine all costs involved in the process and predict the period within which the process will be completed (Gerson 3). Negative Visualization Advertising can be disadvantageous because one can easily adapt a child whose medical and personal history is little known. A child may also have developed some growth challenges because of growing up in institutions. Conclusion The time is ripe for us to act as responsible citizens so that we can play a pivotal role of trying to shape the lives of parentless children by providing them with the right opportunity to pursue an education, to love and be loved and in return, getting affection. In all this, understanding the process of adoption is the most vital thing. Works Cited Adoption Promotion Act of 2003. Public Law 108-145: Information memorandum. 2006. Web. Geidner, Chris. Adoption Politics: Kaine-backed proposal to open adoptions to gay couples faces opposition from Gov. McDonnell. Web. Gerson, Michael. Washington Post talks international adoption. 2010. Web. Reilly, T., Platz, L. (2003). Characteristics and challenges of families who adopt children with special needs: An empirical study. Children and Youth Services Review, 25.10(2003): 781-803. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. AFCARS report: Trends in Foster Care and Adoption, FY2000 through FY 2005. 2007. Web. Wingert, Pat. When Adoption Goes Wrong. 2007. Web. This essay on Importance of Adopting Children was written and submitted by user Jan1ya to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Concept of Employees Empowerment in HRM

Concept of Employees Empowerment in HRM Personnel empowerment refers to giving employees power and the capability to make decisions on their own; the concept means that employees are trained and coached on making the right decisions for the company in the event they have been left in such a situation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Employees Empowerment in HRM specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Emphasis on employee empowerment was developed in the 1980’s in the era of strategic management concept development; the area has undergone numerous developments with management gurus coming up with new approaches. For example in the 1990’s management gurus developed the concept of delegation which happens to be a strong support to employees’ delegation (Legge, 2004). the topic of human resources empowerment is crucial in contemporary business studies as it gives managers wide knowledge of how to handle their workforce. This paper disc usses how effective human resources managers empower their human capital to enhance their competitiveness; the paper will give reference to the hospitality industry players. Human resources empowerment Organizations require physical, human, and financial resources for their operation. Management scholars have continually argued that human resources are the most precious resources that organizations have; however to benefit from these resource effective personnel management strategies should be adopted (Bright and Earl, 2008). Human resources department within an organization has the role of establishing effective strategies to manage human resources. Personnel management gurus argue that to benefit from human resources capabilities, managers should have policies that encourage employees’ empowerment. Empowered employees are innovative, creative, invention, loyal, and highly motivated (Brown and Hesketh, 2004). Contemporary hospitality industry is highly competitive with new p layers coming up with new policies and approaches to business; companies in the industry need to have effective human resources empowerment strategies to assist them gain competitiveness (De Wit and Meyer, 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fact that the employees are making the decisions does not mean that leaders are not responsible for the decisions or they have lost control (Fagan, 2008). Leaders and managers are still the ones answerable to the decisions. In empowering environment, there is demand for strong emphasis on effective delegation. Empowerment cuts across the entire organization; this is where the directors empower top managers to make decisions for their company but still remain answerable for the decision. The top managers then empower line managers to make decisions pertaining their line but still remain accountable for the decisions made. On the other part, the line managers can empower supervisors and team leaders to make decisions, and then they become accountable for the decision made (Hind and Moss ,2005). Team leaders and supervisors can make empower their team members to make certain decisions. When empowering human capital, organizations should have strong leadership, communication channels, and have high degrees of trust and accountability (John, 2004). Why human resources empowerment is crucial in contemporary business environments Personnel management gurus have defined human resources management as those policies and practices within an organization that make employees feel worth and respected by their employer. According to the scholars, people need to be appreciated on the kind of work they are doing despite the level of their expertise in the area (McGoldrick, Stewart and Watson, 2001). When someone finds that his work has been appreciated then he works harder to improve his results. In the hospitality industry for instance there are many payers in different sectors; in the event of a restaurant, the waiters, barmen, supervisors, cleaners, and room attendants should be made to feel comfortable and worth within their company. Among employees management should create an environment of teamwork where no one is more important than the other but roles and responsibilities in the firm have to be allocated and power distributed. When everyone feels worth, then he will be motivated to improve his performance for the good of the company (Milkovich and Newman, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Employees Empowerment in HRM specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Communication and employees empowerment For organizations to practice rewarding empowerment there is much emphasis on having effective communication channels in the organization; effective communication channels are strong indicators of employees’ em powerment. Honesty and repeated communication are the main performance indicators of effective management practices (Paauwe ,2009). Employees demonstrate high empowerment if they are getting involved in decision making and are able to make decisions that hold in an organization; when current business management like total quality management and six sigma are employed in an organization, managers are able to establish the areas that their employees have strength and seek to empower them along that line (Kleiman, 2000). How employees should go about empowering this human capital Staff empowerment is a gradual method that managers should be very sensitive when enacting, they should know the areas that they need to empower their human capital to make decisions and try them using policies like volunteers to serve on a project as a Green belt. When participating in green belt projects, employees are trained on how to define measure, analyze, control, and improve their problem solving skil ls in the effort to make them better decision makers (Swanson, 2002). With the additional skills and the lessons they learn from the green belt, they gain much confidence and are more willing and able to make decisions in the line of their empowerment. They also increase their effectiveness and efficiency in solving problem and providing potential solutions (Storey, 2007). The hospitality industry requires people to make decisions and do the right thing always; the industry is more of a service oriented where employees are expected to be offering the right high quality service always. Service cannot be curved into a person but the role played by the individual has the greatest role to play. With empowerment employees in the industry will be more flexible to make decisions that improve their service delivery and the net effect will be satisfied customers who translate to competitiveness (Armstrong, 2006). The benefits of having empowered employees Employees’ development and th e existence of effective human resources management lead to employee’s motivation; employees get the zeal and synergy to perform in their tasks and give their best for their company. Motivation programs are enacted to create a platform through which employees empowerment will be raid on.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Motivated staffs are dedicated to their works and can be trusted with organizational decisions and roles (Bandt and Haines, 2002). After attaining high employees’ motivation, human resources management should develop employees’ development training programs that aim at improving employees’ skills expertise, exposure and problem solving skills. For example when empowering line managers, they should undergo different organizational management programs to assist them develop skills to handle larger tasks than the ones they have been oriented to handling at line levels. They should not be left at free will or be given the capability of making decision before the management is certain enough that they can handle the situation (Henderson, 2003). When employees fail to make quality, timely, and right decisions despite how effective and elaborate their processes are, the entire organization results cannot be appealing. Active employees are engaged with situations that t hey need to make decisions without much of consultation, they should be at free will to make decisions beneficial to their organization; to be capable to do this, and they must be empowered and coached to handle different situations (Storry, 2005). Every level of an organization needs to have effective employees’ empowerment policies; it should have consistent executive coaching, management training, supervisory training, leadership development skills, and team management strategies (Harold Michael, 1994). There have been assumptions among management that employee’s innovativeness, and inventiveness is derived when they are highly motivated; although they believe is true, there is much relationship between employees’ empowerment and their creativity and innovativeness. Employees who are highly empowered have higher chances of innovating and coming up with programs that benefit their employer (Beardwell and Claydon, 2010). In the hospitality industry for instanc e, there is much costs associated with the supply of goods and commodities to the company. Employees in the line should be empowered to make decisions pertaining the flow of commodities in the company. When making decisions they are more likely to come up with a better way to handle the situation than when they were only receiving the goods without proper understanding on when they were ordered or sold. Innovation, invention, and creativity, are possible when employees are exposed to situations that require them make decisions that will be felt across the entire firm (Jackson, 1992). Management should underhand that it is the same employees they have that handle some leadership positions in community like community leaders, serve on church boards, are elected officials, do volunteer work; thus they have some experience of leadership and should be given a chance. When human capital has been empowered, they gain synergy of work processes /system and the improvements that follow can be amazing. The burden on managers to decide on every little thing in the organization is challenged (Littleford, Halstead and Mulraine,2004). Relationship between creativity, innovation and invention and employees empowerment The dramatic shift to knowledge economies has generated a flurry of interest in workplace creativity and innovation; it has called for the need to have highly empowered staffs to participate in decision making. Today’s business environment requires organisations to develop strong capabilities to innovate for long-term success and survival (Borkowski, 2009). This requires businesses to develop creative work environment and develop innovative products and services; creative work environment are required for empowerment of employees since they are the platforms that empowerment dwells on. Management gurus ascertain that creativity and innovation can be viewed as closely related constructs as they exhibit significant overlap in characteristics. To facilitate the discussion presented in the later part of this section, it is imperative to have a clear understanding of the two constructs (Kew and Stredwick,2008). Thus, innovation can be defined as the process of capturing, filtering, developing, accepting and implementing new ideas, processes, products, or services; to be effected within an organisation, there is need to have empowered staffs who are the pioneers of creativity and innovativeness. Review of literature reveals a large number of scholars and practitioners have acknowledged relationship between innovation and employees empowerment to facilitate organizational success and survival (Palmer and Hartley,2009). Literature reveals that the concept of innovation has been defined in a number of ways. Further, management gurus assert that creativity is the â€Å"starting point for any innovation. This discussion reiterates the need to develop a creative work environment to facilitate and lead innovation in an organisation. To drive in novation within organisation, there is a need to blend creativity with business processes by developing and supporting a creative environment that recognises and nurtures innovation. In this regard; these include, organisational encouragement to innovate and contributions, supervisory encouragement to support work groups and show confidence, work group supports, freedom to be creative and innovative at work, sufficient resources, and (a challenging workplace environment. It is important for organisations to provide their employees with the freedom to experiment and be creative (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington, 2008). Intellectualism and employees empowerment When making human resources management policies, managers should aim at tapping their organisations intellectual power; this can be attained through effective policies that empower employees. When employees are empowered they made decisions that assist managers know their strength and weakness for their management purposes like human resources blending and deploying employees in different areas (Lindgren and Bandhold, 2009). Before an employee has been empowered to make certain decision, they should have worked under delegated power were their decisions are evaluated for quality, timeliness, and how they respond to situations. During the delegation stage, managers or the delegating power should give room for decision making but remain vigilant as chances of wrong decision will lead to him being accountable. Organisations with empowered staffs have high chance of being innovative and creative; when innovative and creative their organisations gain high competitiveness (Horn, 2009). Conclusion Human resources are the most valuable resources that organizations have; they have the capability of combining different factors of production to the benefit of their organization. Decisions made within an organisation determine the success that a firm will attain; fast, quality, reliable, and timely decisions led to s uccess and competitiveness. Employees should be empowered to make the right decisions at the right time as doing this improves operation within an organization. Employees’ empowerment programs start by training human resources and ensuring they attain such skills as they would require come up with the right decisions. Coaching, mentoring, and delegation strategies are the most effective methods to develop employees’ problem solving capabilities and boost their confidence. References Armstrong, M. ,2006. A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. New York: Kogan Page. Bandt, A. and Haines, S. 2002. Successful Strategic Human Resource Planning. San-Diego: Systems Thinking Press. Beardwell, J. and Claydon, T. ,2010. Human Resource Management A Contemporary Approach.New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Bright, J. and Earl, J. ,2008. Brilliant CV : what employers want to see and how to say it. Harlow: Pearson Prentice Hall Borkowski, N. ,2009. Organizational behavior, theory a nd design in healthcare. London: Jones and Bartlett. Brown, P. and Hesketh, A. ,2004. The mismanagement of talent : employability and jobs in the knowledge economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press De Wit, B. and Meyer, R. ,2004. Strategy: process, content and context. London: Thomson. Fagan, A. ,2008. Brilliant job hunting : how to get the job you want. Harlow: Pearson Prentice Hall. Harold, F. and Michael, D.,1994. Motivation: theory and research. New Jersey: Routledge. Henderson, R.,2003. Compensation Management in a Knowledge-Based World. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Hind D., and Moss,S. ,2005. Employability skills for students. Sunderland: Business Education Publishers Ltd Horn, R. ,2009. The business skills handbook. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. John, B.P.,2004. Organizational Behavior, from theory to Practice. New York: Wiley. Jackson, S.,1992. Diversity in the workplace: human resources initiatives. New York: The Guilford Press. Johnson, G., Scholes, K. and Whittington, R. ,2008. Exploring corporate strategy. London: FT Prentice Hall. Kew, J. and Stredwick, J. ,2008. Business environment. Wimbledon: Chartered Institute of Personnel Development Kleiman, S. ,2000.  Human Resource Management: A Tool for Competitive Advantage. Cincinnati: South-Western College Publishing. Legge, K., 2004. Human Resource Management: Rhetorics and Realities (Anniversary ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Lindgren, M. and Bandhold, H., 2009. Scenario planning : the link between future and strategy. Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan Littleford, D., Halstead, J. and Mulraine, C., 2004. Career skills: opening doors into the job market. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. McGoldrick, J., Stewart J. and Watson, S., 2001. Theorizing Human Resource Development. 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Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 26

Art - Essay Example The man is shown standing naked, covered by only a piece of cloth that is wrapped around his private part, with the end of the cloth anchored to his left arm. He holds a staff on his left hand and a vvfukupolk on right hand. The image reflects the Roman culture shown through the man’s way of dressing. The man is portrayed standing on a branch where an eagle sits, looking toward him. Most of the lines used are curved to trace the natural lines and curves of the images. For instance, the rod and the branch are made up of straight lines that follow the thickness of the subjects in proportion to the other figures. With the material used, the lines are long and continuous, giving details to the shapes of the subjects. However, the artist also used short lines to define the shoulder, chest, rib and abdominal parts of the man. Short, curved lines are used on the feather parts of the bird as well as the cloth wrapped around the man. The clothing and the bird are created in a manner th at they show seemingly real three-dimensional features that make the images look like they have rough textures. However, since the material used to create the images is sardonyx, the images are actually smooth. The artwork has a dark background that creates no sense of depth for the picture. Aside from the dark hue, the artist also used the natural color of sardonyx and bronze-like color for some parts of the bird’s feather and the cloth which is emphasized by the color of the frame that is made from gold, enamel and pearls. Another artwork in the exhibit is the â€Å"Bust of Silenius† which is a three-dimensional sculpture showing the head and chest parts of a man whose one breast is uncovered. The artwork is made from bronze and it definitely shows some historical information during the time of its creation just like the artwork discussed above. Contrary to the portrayal of the emperor, Silenius looks like an aged and stout

Gender Inequality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gender Inequality - Essay Example y termed Enquà ªte Mortalità ©, Morbidità © et Utilisation des Services- EMMUS (translated as Survey on Morbidity, Mortality and Use of Services) that realized similar result on domestic violence against women. According to the 2000 of the EMMUS report, 30 percent of the women who participated reported having faced violence by their partners/spouse since age 1. In the period marking 2005-2006, the percentage went down to about 27 percent, and in 2007 went down further to 25 percent. It is possible to see that the prevalence of the domestic violence has been on the decline over the years. One possible interpretation of the outcome has been linked to the 2005 revision of the penal code. Such is the case that following this revision, rape became a major crime that was punished by 10 years to lifetime imprisonment. Here, it is believed that this revision may have created some level fear to the violence perpetrators. Another possible explanation is the idea that fewer women could affor d the courage of reporting violence by their spouses knowing well that the consequences for such violations had been made more severe. Be that as it may, these variations in percentages may not be too significant, showing that perhaps the present judicial changes have not served well to bring about the necessary security for women who face the risk of domestic violence. Comparison of the prevalence of this vice in Haiti with that depicted in USA and some Carrabin counties show a slight difference, with Haiti taking the lead. For instance, in 2000 the percentage of domestic violence reported by women with regard to an intimate was set at 25, a figure that is slightly lower than that recorded in Haiti. Based on this comparison, it is possible to see that the Haitian society does not necessarily present more violence against women; however, the low level development may heighten the difficulties experienced by the victims. World banks added its voice on this issue underscoring the need

New Era Of Societal Marketing Concept Marketing Essay

New Era Of Societal Marketing Concept Marketing Essay Before the new era of societal marketing concept, this is where by people involves in farming to feed themselves and family. All the agricultural crops or food generated was not for sale but some of the output was bartered (i.e. subsistence economy or subsistence farming). The benefit of subsistence economy creates enough food for its people but there is no surplus food so that no food will be wasted. Marketing started during the mass production of goods and services which is called the production era. What led to production era is scarcity or access demand of products and this make firms to measured their success by involving in mass production because its reduces cost of production and increases profitability. The second marketing era is known as Sale era, this is the generating of income for the firm or business. This was during 1950s where there was excess of supply of product in the market and it was too much for what the market demanded for. To make consumer to buy the excess product supplied. Firms involve in using a variety of selling techniques and promotional techniques to inform potential customers to buy their products, by way of advertising and skilful personal selling in order to convert products to cash. The benefit to firm is that it generates income to the business while to the consumers they buy in lower price. Market era is the third era; this is the understanding of the prospective buyers after the Second World War. So many firms or industries were destroyed in other countries, except for that in the United State. Firms found it easy to sell their products because there was little competition, during these period businesses realised they could produce new product in different ways to satisfy customers need and want. To do this firms change their thinking from that of manufacturing products to that of satisfying customers, for them to be able to produce the right products to the market in a low price and also to reduce cost of production. Marketing era is the fourth era; this is where by every activities of an organisation must revolve around customer. To do this some company set up operating policy, technical research, to provide quality products and services to their customers. Also to reduce prices of their product and increase customer value, these enable organisation to satisfy their customers by meeting the marketing concept. http://www.answers.com/topic/subsistence-farming29/12/2009 http://www.answers.com/topic/marketing#Marketing_orientations 29/12/2009 Consumers are often referred to as the king. Explain this statement from notable marketing definitions and concepts. Consumers are often referred to as a king because without them business or organisation wouldnt be able to survive or exist. Marketing definitions that talks about consumers are: Marketing is the management process that identifies, anticipates and satisfies customers requirements profitably. By The Chartered Institute of marketing. This definition talk about how marketer strives to know what consumers wants are by acting on it to bring the wants to their door steps to please them. Marketing is the human activity directed at satisfying human needs and wants through an exchange process. By Philip Kotler. Marketing is essentially about marshalling the resources of an organisation so that they meet the changing needs of the customer on whom the organisation depends. By Palmer Marketing is the implementation of marketing concept (in the 1990s) requires attention to three basic elements of the marketing concept. These are: customer orientation; an organisation to implement a customer orientation; long range customer and societal welfare. By Cohen. Marketing is the whole business seen from the customers point of view. By Drucker. http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_what_is_marketing.htm 29/12/2009 Question 2 Every marketing organisation operates in a complex and dynamic business environment. Identify and explain various micro and macro environmental variables affecting marketing companies in United Kingdom. Business environment entails all factors affecting business positively and negatively. This can be classified as controllable environmental factors (i.e. internal environment) and Uncontrollable environmental factors (i.e. external environment). Under external environment we have immediate external and general external. All these factors determine the success of a business as far the organisation is able to manage the internal environment and adapt to the changes of any external environmental factors. Internal environmental factors are: Employees Shareholders Company policy Employees For an organisation to be successful employees play a vital role to enable firm achieve their goals and also firms need to empower the employees to make them perform their duties. Employees in UK may affect marketing companies positively or negatively. For instance, if a marketing company employed the right staff. Involves in training and development of these staff on how to render service to a customer these may be a good impact on the firm because the moment customer is satisfy with the service render these might encourage him or her to come back again. This could be an edge over its competitors. If an employee is not motivated, lack training and development these may be a negative impact on the organisation and it could lead to low sales. Shareholders The UK shareholders may affect marketing company by pressurising or forcing them to change their organisations strategy from satisfying customers and focus on profits. In doing these, the organisation may involve in a new tactics like pricing strategy to make more profit. In a competitive market where the market determines the price like in UK, this could lead to organisation failure. Company policy This is a lay down procedure to guide staff on how best to operate in an organisation, in order to make firms achieve their objectives. In a situation where by the company policy is not well layout to guide the staff on what to do, these may affect marketing company not to achieve their objectives. Immediate external environmental factors are: Customers Competitors Supplier Customers factors Every marketing organisation that is profit oriented definitely depends on it customers for success. In any marketing company, customers are very crucial because without them businesses wont be able to survive. Customers in UK may affect marketing organisation either positively or negatively. For example if the government increase the tax and national insurance charges this may affect the customers spending power and it could affect marketing sales because consumers will have less money to spend on their commodities. It also slow down business sales and reduce their profits. In the other hand, if there is decrease in tax and national insurance. This will favour the marketing organisation and customers. Customers spending power will increase because they have more money to spend on their commodities. However, customers need to be respected, given good services, quality products, build up long term relationship with them, listen to their complains, art fast on their complains and provide value for their money to enable them come back again. Any marketing company who is able to provide all these will be successful. Competitors factors This is where by marketing organisations compete with each other in terms of price, quality products, customer services etc. to enable them be in business. UK government uses these forces to checkmate prices of products. They allow competition because if there is a lot of marketing company, these will make price of products to be control by the market and not by the competitors. This is affecting marketing organisation because they are unable to fix price on their products due to many competitors. Suppliers factors Suppliers effect to a marketing organisation cannot be over looked. If there is sudden increase on prices of raw material, they may be force to push up their prices and these may affect organisation marketing strategy by forcing them to raise their products price and it could slow down sales because not every consumer will be able to adapt to the changes in price immediately. Also delayed payment of suppliers or lack of good relationship may affect quick delivering of goods to the marketing companies and it could make customers not to rely on them anymore. General external environmental factors are: The general external forces are factors that are beyond the firms or businesses direct control. Political Economic Socio-cultural Technological Political factors These are factors that affect businesses and the spending power of the consumers through taxation, legislation etc. UK government can influence businesses positively by reducing the corporation tax and indirect tax charges (i.e. the profits of business and VAT charges on some products) to enable firms make more profits and expand, this could lead firms to reduce their products prices as well for the benefit of the consumer. Also they can influence consumers positively by cutting down tax charges on their income earn to allow them have more money to spend on their commodities or wants. The increase on direct and indirect tax this make business to increase their products prices as well and it also decreases the business profits because not every individual will be able to afford the products. However, consumers may find it very difficult to buy their wants because of the high price of products and high charges on their income earned. Laws made by UK government could affect businesses in so many ways. For example if government increase the minimum wage this could affect them, if they are unable to meet the increase in minimum wage. It may lead to some of the staff retrenched and also they may increase their products prices for them to be in business. Economic factors Marketing companies need to look into UK economy in the short and long terms before planning and also look for ways of adapting to any changes in the future such as changes in income, population, gross domestic profit, exchange rate, inflation rate and climate etc. Currently the marketing companies in UK experience climate change which really affect sales because so many people was unable to go out to do their shopping due to bad weather condition (i.e. snow). Also changes in consumers income might affect marketing companys sales as well. For example, if government increases taxes on income these will affect the purchasing power of consumers because they have limited amount of money to spend on their commodities and these will reduces market organisation sales and profits. Technological factors Marketing companies in UK who wants to dominate the market or compete with competitors should be able to adapt to the new technology. For example, car company as advance in technology by providing consumer a good cars, such as automatic and computerised cars. As we all know that the era of manual cars is going gradually because of advancement in technology. If there is any car companies who are unable to adapt to the new technology these may affect it cars sales in the market because of lack of technology. Also technology have enable car companies to sell their cars via internet, paying by bank card and advertising through the internet which is an opportunities to them to sell more cars and increase profitability. Social-cultural factors This looks into some factors such as lifestyle changing, culture, beliefs, value and geographical differences that may affect any organisations. In a marketing organisation where by the lifestyle of consumers changes due to low income earn these may affect marketing company because consumer would like to change some of his or her product to a lower price once in order to manage its income perfectly to its needs or wants. This may be a threat to the manufacturing of the product left and an opportunity to the product consumer change to. Understanding any market requires a thorough classification by segments. Identify and explain various basis of market segmentation by proposing the segmentation criteria that can be used for two products in different markets. Many market organisation use different criteria to segment their product to a particular market, such as: Demographical segmentation Geographical segmentation Benefit segmentation Demographical segmentation This is where by market is been divided into groups based on factors such as age, income, social class grouping, family size, lifestyle, gender and family life cycle. By proposing a social class segmentation criteria that can be used for two products such as motor cars and clothing, a marketers would like to look into the social status and occupation of individual to enable them provide a variety of cars that will satisfy the upper middle class, middle class, lower middle class, skilled working class, working class and those at the lowest level of subsistence by providing them cars that they will be able to afford. This helps marketers to know where to locate their shop site or operate their business because individual in these category live in a different areas that suit each group. Social class segmentation table Grade social status occupation % of UK population A Upper middle class Higher managerial or professional 10% (Company directors, lawyers) B middle class middle managerial or professional 15% (Managers, nurses, teachers) C1 lower middle class supervisory or clerical (shop assistants) 26% C2 skilled working class skilled manual workers (technicians) 17% D working class semi-skilled unskilled manual worker 20% E Those at the lowest lowest grade workers 12% Level of subsistence (casual workers, state pensioners) Age is another factor of segmentation criteria used for product like cloths This is where by market organisation display their product design and packaging to meet the wants of different groups according to age differentiation of consumers. While some marketers may focus on one particular age group (e.g. mother care shops) only focus on baby things nothing else. In terms of cloths, manufacturer produces cloth of different sizes, different quality and different texture to meet the taste of customers. This enable marketer to reach their customers by locating their shops close to them, also these determine the prices of product like cloth they sell in rich people area and poor people area as well. Geographical segmentation This is a process of identifying consumers according to the area where they live such as villages, city, regions, and countries. Also to look into their climate condition if it will be favourable or profitable for their product. Any marketing organisation that is into multi-national and global business involves in some programme activities that will advertise and promote its products to meet the needs of individual geographic units. Climate In most African countries the weather condition is very hot and these enable car companies to produce cars that will suit the needs of their consumers in that very geographic units, by providing them cars that will acclimatize to the countries climate (i.e. by putting air-condition) to make their customers feel comfortable when driving or inside the car. Most of these African countries use a left hand drive cars, so any car companies who want to supply it product to these geographic unit should be able to provide them what they really wanted for the purpose of making profits. Countries Cloth companies produce cloths that will suit the benefit of consumers according to their geographic unit because each country has their own culture and traditional wears. Like in India, the cloth they produce wont sell in United Kingdom due to their different believes. Benefit segmentation This may be used by organisation such as car companies to develop a range of products by segmenting the market through benefit that consumers find from product. For example, some people will be interested in safety, others in load space or performance. Cars companies develop ranges of products to please these different segments and also to promote the product in different ways to the different groups. http://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/segmentation_bases_geographic.asp 12/01/2010 http://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/segmentation_bases_demographic.asp 12/01/2010 Question 3 Explain product life cycle with a typical diagram and identify characteristics and essential strategies for survival of each stage of the life cycle. Definition of product life cycle Product life cycle is the process of improving a product over time through redesigning or replacing old version of product. Adopted from: http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_plc.htm 2/1/2010 Introduction stage At this stage an organisation may involve in promotion to create awareness to the general public or target market about the new product. For instance, if the product has no or few competitors, a skimming pricing strategy may be used or penetration pricing may be employed to attract customers to buy the product. The level of distribution is limited, at these level sales is low because the product is new to the market. Growth stage This is where by competitors are attracted to the market with similar products because consumers has realised the benefit or usefulness of the product. Sales are growing rapidly and the cost of production per unit is falling (i.e. economies of scale). The product now becomes more profitable and the spending on advertising is high to focus upon the building brand. Because competitors are growing, the firm may still keep to penetration pricing strategy or push up the price a little bit to make more profits. Maturity stage Rapid sales growth cannot last forever. At the stage of maturity these is where by the product sales slowdown and reach it highest because competition is high and most organisations fight to maintain their market share by striving to make their product look difference from competitors products. The profit is quite high and the distribution level is high as well. Pricing strategy employed may be competitive pricing. Decline stage At these stage the market is shrinking, sales is falling and competition is falling as well because no firm will like to invest their money in a product that is unprofitable. To make the product profitable, some company may cut down the cost to enable them use a promotional techniques such as special offer of the product to consumers or by repositioning the product to other market segment (i.e. children, adult etc.). If it doesnt yield any profit still these may be the withdrawal of the product from market but if it does more competitors will rise to do something similar. http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_plc.htm 2/1/2010 Decision of an organisation to embark on either extensive or selective distribution strategy is contingent on some factors. Identify and explain the factors responsible for the choice of a strategy using both industrial and consumer products as examples. Definition of selective distribution Selective distribution: this is where by producer uses few retail outlets in a geographical area to distribute its product (e.g. Televisions, computers and household appliances) to the consumers. The factors that determine the distribution strategy to be use are Market factors Product factors Producer factors Market factors This is where by buyer behaviour determine how product will be distributed to the market; it means would buyer prefer to purchase the product from retailer or through ordering online and in what ways will the buyer get the product information needed before buying (e.g. like motor cars, computers and household appliances). Middlemen willingness to market the product is a factor as well. Retailer may consider the cost involves in training, equipment needed and warehouse expansion that product required. The cost may be too high for them not to be in support to sell the product. Product factors Product like company equipment may be supply direct to customer because of it size while perishable product like meat, fish and bread may be supplier to the consumer through intermediaries such as retailers. Producer factors Manufacturers willingness to control the price that a product will be sold to consumers is a factor. Producers who want to have control over how, to whom and at what price a product is sold dont need a retailer as middlemen to sell its products, because retailer have control over prices of product in their care do to competitors. However, cost involves in distributing products direct to customer is a factor. A producer may not have the resources to recruit, train and equip salesmen. So it may rather make use of middlemen like retailer or agent to distribute it product to consumers. Question 4 Every organisation is striving to compete in a global market where consumers needs are standardised. Explain why companies strive to be global concerns rather than being national heavy weight. Companies strive to be global concerns because they want to widen their customers base by extending their products to other countries to enable them expand their market and gain more customers. They also strive to be global concerns because they want to increase turnover to make the company financially buoyant to manage all its activities effectively, to put smile on the face of shareholders and to encourage other to invest in the company. However, to ensure a very strong brand name is built by making it known to other countries globally just like what Dell, Nike, Sony, LG and Nokia Company as done. These companies have a very strong brand name by providing good quality of product to their customers, they also involves in sponsoring some activities that will advertise their brand name globally and to make them increase their product sales. Companies strive to be global concern rather than to be national heavy weight because they want to advance in technology, face challenges that will make them better than the national companies and to be able to compete globally or make their products to be known. Prepare marketing mix programmes for any consumers product and hospitality services. Compare and contrast the mix elements for the two. Marketing mix: this is the putting together of product, price, promotion and place used to implement marketing strategy. McDonalds uses various channels to build its brand name by providing quality products and targeting their product on workers and children to enable them gets access to their parents or guardians. They improve on product through listening to customers complains and customers needs on products to enable them give consumers a better product or service. Marketing mix programmes for consumers products in an organisation like McDonalds Restaurant. Product Product is anything that is offer to the market. McDonalds have different types of fast food product for their potential and existing customers; they make these products attractive by designing their menu in such a way that indicate what consumer will be having with any product they chose and what each product contain in a very simple way. However, they also know meeting customers requirements is very crucial on product because they can change taste at any time and these make them to check mate their customer preferable product by getting feedback from them and also through profits made on each product they are aware too. They are extremely careful when introducing new product to the market in order not to affect the existing product sales by redesigning packaging or adding extra features. McDonalds sales on product vary according to the stage they are in their product life cycle and the type of marketing undertaking also depend on the stage of a product. They present their product in more attractive way to motivate their customers to buy. http://www.mcdonalds.co.uk/static/pdf/aboutus/education/mcd_marketing.pdf 28/01/2010 Price Price is the amount customers paid for good or service. It play a very vital role in customers (demand) and producer (supply). These enable McDonalds to make their prices of product reasonable to customers in order to increase sales. However, they also determine price for product through looking at how customers will value the product. Medium Big mac  £3.89 Before they actually fix the price of Large and Medium Big mac, they look at how customers and potential customers will value the combination of the product by asking them selves if they would be able to pay  £3.89 for the combination of product. If yes, they can now fix price on that amount. They may cut down their price of product due to competitors as match with the lower prices which mean no extra demand of the product because consumers can get similar or the same product at the same price elsewhere. This will reduces the profit margin and sales. Promotion Promotion this is a way an organisation communicate with potential customers about its product. The purpose is to persuade customers to buy the product by advertising. McDonalds know the important of promotion on their products because there are many competitors in the market with similar product. So to differentiate their products from others they use various ways of advertising to tell the potential customers about the product and price through advertising on TV, radio, online, newspapers and magazines. However, they also use some promotional techniques such as direct mail, sales promotions, exhibitions, point of sales display, special offer etc to keep their customer inform. The aims of these marketing communications may be to increase customers, to visit the restaurant or to recommend the product to a friend. McDonald uses these promotional techniques to communicate to their customers in different ways. For example, if they would like to advertise on TV they collect some information from customers to know the kind of TV programme they watch most often, to enable them know the TV programme to use and it also make them to present the advert in a reasonable way that we call the attention of audience and look interesting to their targeted audience. Place Place is a way by which an organisation distribute its product to users or consumers. McDonalds distribute their product direct to customers by using good location and providing a place to eat the product to make customers feel relax and comfortable. Marketing mix programme for hospitality services at virgin Atlantic Airways Virgin Atlantic airways use marketing mix to strategise on the kind of products and services render to customers in order to satisfy them. Virgin Atlantic marketing mix Physical Evidence People Place Promotion Price Product Product Some products under air line companies are not physical while some are. Virgin Atlantic has different package of products that they do offer to customers in a different ways, they are: Customers destination and arrival airport Type of ticket or seat customer would prefer to buy (i.e. first class, economy and business class) Kind of food customer would prefer to eat when embarking on a journey (i.e. vegetarian food, meat and fish). The entertainment of customers through watching films, video games, radio. All these are Virgin Atlantic airways product that is package to satisfy their customer, l will like to talk about ticket or seat as a product. They have three type of seat or ticket to offer to customers and the different between these tickets depend on the service they render to individual. The more money you paid, the more value services you get. Price Virgin Atlantic airway makes decision on prices of ticket base on how many seats they would like to sell to customers because they are aware of the fact that cutting down prices do increase demand while high prices affect demand. However, they are been fair to their customers in terms of prices by providing a good offer that will make them happy, at the moment the price of New York economy seat is  £299 and first class is  £1,487 which will end 9th February 2010. Promotion Virgin Atlantic airways knows the important of advertising their product to the general public to enable them get more customers, they do these through TV, radio, newspapers, magazines, direct marketing techniques, personal selling and sales promotion. Direct marketing promotion is a techniques use by a business to communicate or update customers directly through email or telephone. Virgin Atlantic airways use these to update customers about their offer or deal of the month in order to increase sales. They also use it to get feedback from customers to know how enjoyable was their last trip and this enable them to improve in their service. Personal selling promotion this is the selling of product or service through face to face or telephone communication with customer or potential customers. Virgin Atlantic airline use personal selling to make customer or potential customer to locate or call their office for any information they may need before buying their product or service. Virgin Atlantic also use advert on Television, Newspapers and Radio to reach the general public about the offers or deals they have for them. Place Virgin Atlantic airways know the important of location for travellers who may miss place their bag during travelling to know where to go for collection or who miss their flight due to traffic delayed or for other reasons to enable them get access to another booking ticket at the airport in a discounted price. People People play a very vital role in rendering service. It also one of the components of extended marketing mix which talks about how employees strive to satisfy customers in term of service. Virgin Atlantic airways know the important of people and recruiting the right staff that will be able to give effective service to their customers. They also make sure their staff treat customers in the way they want to be treated by showing good manners and also to be able to give a good solution to any customers complains or assistance. Process Process is the procedure of how service is being carried out to customer without delay. If customers receive fast service these may make them come back agai